How to monitor children Essay

Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. Observations are an important part of a teaching assistants role as feedback given to teachers is valuable as the teacher will then be able to report back to parents and carers on pupils progress. This sharing of information between teacher and parent will enable them to work together in the pupils best interests. Informal observations are those which are carried out on a daily basis as you work with pupils you may notice a child is having difficulty understanding a new concept you would them pass this information on to the teacher as part of the feedback process. We also use summative and formative methods of assessment such as formal testing i.e. SATS which record a child’s academic and intellectual development. You may use sampling methods – tick box checklists and time sampling methods or simply to undertake an observation. It is important with all methods of monitoring to record the feedback to teachers/parents about your findings. You would compare these observations SATS testing results against normal milestones and expected developmental age statistics and information from parents. You should also take into account a child’s cultural needs as these may create developmental delay (they may be delayed if they are not using their first language).

How far does Macbeth deserve the title “Butcher”? Essay

When deciding whether or not Macbeth is deserving of the title â€Å"butcher† it is a hard decision. There were many contributions by other characters which influenced Macbeth’s actions: such as Duncan crowning Malcolm as his successor and giving the title Thane of Cawdor to Macbeth making in which the last one was a traitor: Banquo who kept his suspicions to himself; and Macbeth and Donalbain who fled. Lady Macbeth was the one who encouraged Macbeth to kill Duncan, giving him the confidence and courage to do the deed. The witch’s’ gave Macbeth the idea in the first place that he was to become king with their prophesies. The order in which I will analyse the characters which contributed to Macbeth’s actions, are the least influential characters to the most influential characters. I must also take into consideration the time period in which Macbeth lived in to make my decision whether Macbeth deserves the title â€Å"butcher†. During the time period in which Shakespeare set Macbeth, society in the 11th Century was very different from what it is today. The society in which Macbeth had lived in was very brutal, revolving around violence, as shown by Shakespeare in his play as executions would be a form torture. Little boys in that time period wanted to be seen as great warriors such as Macbeth, but in order to be one you would have to kill many men in battle. In the time period Macbeth lived in the more men you killed the more honored you became and Shakespeare shows the audience this by making Macbeth being seen as a great warrior during his time due to all the men he’d â€Å"slain† in the battlefield. When Shakespeare wrote the play he had to please James I, who was king at the time as he was his royal play right. Throughout his play he had to convey messages to the audience that James I would approve of. Such a message occurs during the beginning of the play, as the â€Å"disloyal traitor† Macdonald the Thane of Cawdor is killed and the title is then given to Macbeth. The divine right of Kings was very important during Shakespeare’s time period. Society in the 16th Century believed that the whole universe had an order in was decided by God. The King, was believed to be chosen by God, and so any action against the King would be an action against God. Anything unnatural was against this divine order, such as evil, in which society heavily believed in at the time. Shakespeare relates his play to what was happening at the time, as there were many threats to the monarchy such as foreign invaders. At the beginning of the play there is an invasion from the â€Å"Norweyan lord† against Scotland. Not only were there plots by foreign invaders but also insider within the country, such an example is looking back at history during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. During Queen Elizabeths reign, her half sister Mary Queen of Scots plotted to get rid of her. This is seen in the play as Macbeth plots against King Duncan. It was believed that if any harm was brought to the king it would anger God: â€Å"Thou seest the heavens, as troubled with man’s act, threatens his bloody stage† and the portrayer would be punished by god himself. In the play everything is brought back into place, as normal order is back in place as the thrown goes to the rightful heir Malcolm. It was a message to the audience at the time not to plot against the king as the consequences would fall upon you. The society in which Macbeth lived in also believed in God. They believed that if there was good there had to be evil known as Satan who rebelled directly against God and was responsible through witch’s and evil spirits for all attacks on the divine order. Through history during the time society was increasingly preoccupied with witchcraft. Laws came into order so that anyone who was suspected of witchcraft could be executed. At that time Shakespeare wrote the play the people were of a very superstitious culture as James I published a book on â€Å"Demonology† in 1597. Shakespeare relates his play to society at the time as he incorporates three witch’s that are â€Å"So withered, and so wild in their attire,† as they were sources of the supernatural. Throughout the play of ‘Macbeth’ Shakespeare relates his play to what was going on at the time. By using this play as a source of evidence and my own knowledge I am able to conclude that they lived in a very harsh and brutal society where innocent people weren’t put on trial but hanged by accusations. In the time period we live in today, Macbeth’s action would make him a butcher, yet in the context of the time period Macbeth was living in, I think he would be more acceptable in the community due to the harsh realities of life they lived in. I must also take into consideration the actions of the other characters, which influence Macbeth to become a â€Å"butcher† even though they might have unwillingly contributed towards Macbeth’s actions. Such a character is Duncan who had given Macbeth the title â€Å"The Thane of Cawdor† after the previous one was a â€Å"disloyal traitor†. The title ultimately makes Macbeth the most powerful thane. To a certain extent, Duncan is to blame due to naming the heir to the throne as Malcolm, even after all the loyalty and bravery Macbeth expressed towards the king. What furthered Mabeth’s slaughterous actions is fact that Malcolm, Donalbain and Macduff â€Å"fled† from the â€Å"tyrants rule† as they betrayed Macbeth by building an army to fight against him. The character that could have stopped Macbeth from the start was Banquo, as he’s suspicious that Macbeth â€Å"play’dst mosy foully for’t† yet he thinks abou t the witch’s prophesies and what it’d hold for his future, in which he would be the â€Å"root and father of many kings† so he keeps his suspicions to himself. Lady Macbeth had a strong influence over Macbeth in his decision to kill the king. Macbeth contemplates over whether or not to kill the king yet his final decision is that he’ll â€Å"proceed no further in this business† unlike Lady Macbeth who decides to kill the king: â€Å"The raven himself is hoarse that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements† after reading the letter written from her husband. Yet Lady Macbeth believes Macbeth is too kind to kill the king as he is â€Å"too full o’th’ milk of human kindness† in order to fulfill his ambition in becoming king. She is determined for her husband to become the future king of Scotland as when the couple meet, Lady Macbeth speaks her mind and persuades her husband into doing what she thinks will benefit them the most. Lady Macbeth encourages him with comments such as â€Å"so much more the man† if he becomes the king. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband as she convinces him to do the deed to prove his love for her, as she says she’d be willing to do anything for Macbeth by saying: â€Å"I would†¦have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out.† At first Macbeth doesn’t want to kill the king as he’s been â€Å"honoured† lately by the King with the title Thane of Cawdor but Lady Macbeth’s skill works as Macbeth is â€Å"settled† to do the â€Å"terrible feat† which ultimately is to kill the king. It is Lady Macbeth, who plans and organizes the murder, as she is impatient and wants the â€Å"future in the instant†. Without Lady Macbeth’s meticulous planning Macbeth may have never been able to go and kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth herself is the one that that calls upon supernatural spirits (â€Å"Come you spirits†) in order to become like a man, and fulfill the dreadful deed, which would take place. Yet Lady Macbeth contradicts herself as she can’t kill the king herself as Duncan resembles the face of her â€Å"father†. What furthers Macbeth’s murderous thoughts is the fact that when Macbeth didn’t want to kill Duncan she called him a â€Å"coward† and so Macbeth now wants to impress his wife when she finds out his great plans which leads to more killing. The second biggest thing that Lady Macbeth does which contributes to Macbeth becoming a butcher is the fact she is very deceitful. When the King arrives she plays the role of a humble hostess welcoming Duncan with many compliments, and offering â€Å"All their service† to him. It leads Duncan to believe nothing is wrong as he’s not suspicious of what a dark realm he is entering. Lady Macbeth is the one who makes sure the procedure of the plan is precise as she goes over it with Macbeth. She knows Macbeth must not show his guilt and so tells him â€Å"look like th’ innocent flower, but be serpent under’t†. Once Macbeth has killed the King he feels â€Å"sorry† and feels guilty about what he’d done, which is a contrast to how Lady Macbeth is feeling, as she tells Macbeth off for such a â€Å"foolish thought†. Lady Macbeth mocks her husband for being such a coward and to get over it, as he’s weak, feeble and overcome by the grief that shadows him. After the murder of King Duncan has taken place, Lady Macbeth is the one that takes charge and is in control as she knows that they must cover up their crime and blame it on others. Such an instance is when Lady Macbeth goes to sort things out as she says: â€Å"Give me the daggers† as she then goes off to â€Å"†¦smear the sleeply grooms with blood†. Once everything is in place Lady Macbeth once again orders Macbeth to retire back to their chamber in order to look innocent as â€Å"a little water clears us of this deed† which is ironic as she then does this as she goes crazy. A minor crime which Lady Macbeth committed, which may have contributed to Macbeth becoming a butcher is before Macbeth kills the king is when Lady Macbeth prepares to get the King’s guards drunk. Lady Macbeth sneakily served excessive amounts of alcohol to the kings guard â€Å"which hath made them drunk†. It served to put the King’s guards to sleep as they no longer had a watchful eye in order to protect Duncan from the dreadful deed that would have to take place in front of them without them knowing. Not only that but also when the lords find Duncan no longer lives and they announce the dreadful news, Lady Macbeth plays the role of a good actress as she pretends she doesn’t know a thing: â€Å"Woe, alas! What, in our house?† When the lords question Macbeth about the murder of king Duncan, Lady Macbeth suddenly faints. Whether this faint was on purpose or not, it diverts all the attention that was on Macbeth onto Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth’s plan worked well, as there is no suspicion that has fallen upon them, for the death of King Duncan has fallen upon others, such as the guards. The three â€Å"hags† are a representation of trouble and evil, being â€Å"withered† and â€Å"wild† in their attire. They influenced Macbeth in the process of becoming a butcher with their prophecies. Before Macbeth even knows anything about the witch’s, they plan â€Å"to meet with Macbeth† to try tempt him with their riddles and use him as a tool towards the destruction of the natural world order. They knew Macbeth’s weakness, unlike Banquo who is good and could resist the witch’s prophecies. They are malicious and crude in their nature and seek to cause chaos, mischief and misery in the world because they see evil as good, and good as evil â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair†. Whenever the witch’s are present they bring along their omens of evil such as thunder, lightning and rain. Just before the witch’s are about to meet Macbeth a witch chants † A drum, a drum! Macbeth doth come†. This is very portentous and a warning that bad things are to come. The witch’s tell Macbeth about his future with their prophecies. Once they have spoken their riddles Macbeth is desperate to know more about his future as he becomes intrigued by what he has been told: â€Å"Stay you imperfect speaker, tell me more.† Macbeth doesn’t think what he is told by the witch’s is true but wants to believe that it is. The first prophecies the witch’s predicted which Macbeth did not know of yet is that he would become the Thane of Cawdor. Ironically, after the witch’s had told him this he was then given the title that the witch’s had foreseen. The second prophecies the witch’s tell Macbeth may have greatly influenced Macbeth in his future actions in becoming a butcher. The second prophecy claims that Macbeth would become King. As â€Å"two truths are told† with what the witch’s told him being Thane of Glamis and now Thane of Cawdor, it made Macbeth believe that he â€Å"shalt be king hereafter!† The witch’s have framed Macbeth into a state of mind that this is a â€Å"happy prologue† and that his power can only grow from Thane of Cawdor. The prophecy gets Macbeth to think of a â€Å"horrid image doth unfix my hair† that he may have to take action of his own, in order to secure his own future in becoming king. Then on a second thought Macbeth thinks that if the prophecy is true it will happen without him having to interfere as he thinks: â€Å"chance may crown me without my stir†. The influence of the witch’s prophecies has changed Macbeth in his line of thought, as all he wants to do now is contemplate and discuss with Banquo the witch’s prophecies. It triggers Macbeth to get Lady Macbeth involved as he’s fascinated by what he thinks is good fortune, which ultimately leads him working for the evil causing pain and havoc which is exactly as the witch’s wanted. Macbeth was a puppet used by the witch’s, which he naively was unable to see. Since seeing the witch’s, Macbeth changes from a â€Å"noble man† to a â€Å"tyrant† due to trying to accomplish the prophecy that he wants so very much. After Macbeth killed Duncan there is a reversal of the normal order as a â€Å"falcon† was â€Å"hawked at, and killed† by a â€Å"mousing owl†. The events that occurred are very ominous as it is a dark day. Everything has been affected by Macbeth’s actions, therefore it has turned the world â €Å"wild in nature† as it has been disrupted. God shows his anger as the one he chose as the ruler of Scotland is now dead. This is exactly the way the witch’s wanted it to be. A minor crime by which the witch’s influence Macbeth into becoming a butcher is when they decide to trick Macbeth by using apparitions. Hecate herself blames the witch’s for the starting of chaos in Scotland: â€Å"To trade and traffic with Macbeth, in riddles and affairs of death†. This proves Macbeth can’t be fully held responsible. They cast a spell where there is a great influence of evil supernatural powers, changing the way Macbeth thinks and sees things. The witch’s trick Macbeth as they deliberately allow him to think that he’s learning the truth from a superior power when it’s all a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. Part of Hecate’s plan is that the sprites will confuse Macbeth so much he’ll make mistakes: â€Å"strength of their illusion, shall draw him on to his confusion.† The witch’s suggest who he should be careful of, such a case being Macduff â€Å"Beware the Thane of Fife† suggesting to Macbeth that he should eliminate anyone that may cause him any harm. Part of the witch’s trick is to make Macbeth feel invincible by using the apparitions that tell Macbeth â€Å"none of woman born shall harm Macbeth† and that he would be safe for his entire life as â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be†. The consequences of Macbeth meeting with the witch’s make him become unaware of the trick that being played on him as he is happy and re-assured with the news, becoming over beamingly confident with his reign. The witch’s have corrupted Macbeth by using spells for him to do bad, as he is now greedy wanting more, such as passing the crown down to his descendants rather than Banquo’s. The witch’s purposely infuriate Macbeth to make him behave rationally as they taunt him. Hecate planned to make Macbeth more of a butcher than he really is â€Å"he shall†¦scorn death†. The witch’s molded Macbeth into a butcher by using his weaknesses. Concerning how far Macbeth deserves the title â€Å"butcher† much of time Macbeth’s actions were influenced by a certain individuals such as Lady Macbeth and the three witch’s. Such a case is when Macbeth killed King Duncan. To a certain extent, those certain individuals cannot be blamed and Macbeth must be held responsible. Macbeth didn’t have to do anything he didn’t want to, such as killing Duncan. When the witch’s told Macbeth of the second prophecy they never mentioned the fact that he should actually go and kill King Duncan. Yet like Lady Macbeth he became impatient to know about the future. Lady Macbeth isn’t the only one that can be labeled deceitful as Macbeth told Duncan his only role is to be loyal towards him and â€Å"towards your love and honour†. Macbeth had the â€Å"absolute trust† and respect of the king, as he had fought brutally in the war like a warrior killing many of Duncan’s enemies. Due to his bravery was given the title Thane of Cawdor officially being the most powerful Thane, yet it wasn’t enough for Macbeth as he still wanted more power which shows his greed. When the witch’s first prophecy comes true, all Macbeth wants to hear is Banquo to confirm the second prophecy and say â€Å"You shall be king†. This is due to the fact that Macbeth is very keen on the subject, yet Banquo warns him about the â€Å"instruments of darkness† yet out of excitement and pride he take no notice. Once Duncan names his successor as Malcolm Macbeth starts his murderous thoughts who unlike Banquo accepts it and is happy for Malcolm. While to Macbeth Malcolm is seen as an obstacle, which needs to be got rid of. If Macbeth had never written the letter to his wife about the witch’s prophecies, she would have never encouraged him to kill the king. Even though Lady Macbeth seems to be the mastermind behind all the planning, Macbeth never dismisses the idea of killing Duncan. Macbeth at the end of the discussion with Lady Macbeth he makes up his own mind â€Å"I am settled.† When it comes to killing Duncan, Macbeth is only worried about the consequences of â€Å"If we should fail† and not the moral. The visions of the dagger that Macbeth has were created by his thoughts. When Macbeth does kill the king and he couldn’t say â€Å"amen† it shows that Macbeth is worried, as he has now gone against god and will be punished for his actions. Macbeth in contrast is very different once the lords arrive as he’s calm and collected unlike the nervous wreck he was before. Macbeth is now able to control himself and lie well, as he acts innocent to his actions â€Å"loyal and neutral† as he defends himself against accusations. I believe that when Macbeth decides to kill his best friend Banquo, he in modern day society would be seen a â€Å"butcher†. One bad deed of Macbeth’s lead to another â€Å"Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill†, as Banquo was suspicious of Macbeth that he â€Å"play’dst most foully for’t†. Even though Macbeth has got the thrown he is still not content with his present situation as he doesn’t feel safe: â€Å"To be thus is nothing, But to be safely thus.† Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to accept the past â€Å"what’s done is done† yet Macbeth is unable too. Macbeth is devious as he tries to find out Banquo’s and Fleance’s movements in light conversation â€Å"Ride you this afternoon?† so he may ambush him. Even though he’s plotting Banquo’s murder Macbeth is two faced as he pretends to be nice to him. Macbeth and Banquo were always seen as equals, yet Banquo is loyal to Macbeth as he is king unlike Macbeth. Instead of Lady Macbeth arranging things now, Macbeth is the one planning. Macbeth is now misleading his wife as she knows nothing. In order for Macbeth to get the murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance he lies to them by telling them it was Banquo â€Å"which held you so under fortune†. Macbeth is glad about Banquo’s violent death. Macbeth is starting to talk like the witch’s as he uses inverted meanings such as â€Å"Banquo’s safe?† after being killed. By now Macbeth is able to hide anything and is a good liar as he pretends to miss Banquo and blames him for not attending, when Macbeth is the reason he isn’t there. Macbeth thinks that he’s done so many bad things that it’s to late to stop and isn’t giving up as â€Å"We are yet but young in deed.† Macbeth by this point has involved himself with evil â€Å"I conjure you† and is now evil himself and is doomed with the title â€Å"butcher†. Macbeth has resorted to killing innocent women and children â€Å"Each new mourn, new widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows strike heaven on the face†. Macbeth now resides to act without delay and will kill without hesitating: â€Å"From this moment firstlings of my heart shall be firstlings of my hand.† When Macbeth decides to attempt and kill Macduff, he targets his family who haven’t done anything wrong and are undeserving of their fate. Macbeth’s evil and cruelty shows through the suffering throughout the country of Scotland. Lady Macbeth feels guilty as she feels she started Macbeth on his evil path to destruction but didn’t know about any of her husband’s actions after the murder of Duncan. Macbeth has now become a â€Å"tyrant† and his â€Å"murders sticking on his hands†. Macbeth is determined to fight to the end till his â€Å"bones† and â€Å"flesh be hacked†. As he now knows that he is a butcher and no longer has a conscious, as when he finds out he was lied to by the witch’s, he’d rather â€Å"die with the harness on our back†. Macbeth wants to inflict as much pain on others before he dies, in which he fails to do so.

Skip navigation links BFS 3460-08B-2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Essay - 5

Skip navigation links BFS 3460-08B-2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS (BFS3460-08B-2) - Essay Example The supply fans of the upper and lower ventilation zones would then be actuated, while the exhaust fans are turned off. These actions would consequently produce a multi-floor sandwich effect in the edifice, and the net effect would be the generation of a pressure variance sandwiched between the hub and boundaries within the Heating Ventilation & Air-Conditioning (HVAC) zone of the fire origin (Brannigan & Corbett , 2008). Fire alarm plays a very significant role in sandwich pressurization. In exhausting the air from the origin of the fire, the fire floor is likely to drag the fire with it and consequently cause a further spread of the fire before it can be quenched. This is where the fire alarm becomes relevant; it is the fire alarm that assists in actuating the smoke control mode in the event of an inferno. The system then activates the pressurization fans and the fans continue running until the smoke detector supply channel is activated by the fire alarm. It is the fire alarm that aid the initiation of the pressurization system as the process begins when the system receives an actuating signal from the fire alarm in the stairs of the building affected by the fire. Hence fire alarm helps accomplish pressure

If you could imagine an entirely different life from the one you led, Essay

If you could imagine an entirely different life from the one you led, how would you want it to be - Essay Example Being the leader I had the responsibility of allocating different individuals to a certain block and ensuring that they have done the work as expected. There was no pay and so the morale was low. This position exposed me to various challenges that one can face while working in a team. While working at various levels in various teams, I have come to realise that people respond differently and some can really pose serious challenges to attaining the goals set by the team. The first challenge that I have come across is when people have personal differences with me and they want to use that as a hindrance in the task we are supposed to undertake. I have realized that this is one of the major reasons why many teams do not perform as expected. I have learnt that it is very important to avoid bringing issues of personal differences into the team. I also realised that some people will always try to disregard my ideas and try to come up with better ones which ought to be implemented. Such people are present in any working environment and in any team. It is hard to address them since they are people who often think that they can do much better if they were in the position that one is in. I learnt how to handle them and ensure that they become part of the team instead of condemning them. Sometimes it is good to take their ideas if they are valid and show them there is no personal difference between the two of you. Some people are opposed to change. I found out that dealing with such people can pose to be a daunting challenge. Such people who like to conserve the already set policies as much as possible will always oppose any idea proposing change as much as they can. It is important at times to have dynamic people in your team. Such people are ready to think widely and embrace change when it comes. Conservatives will try to pull you down when you set new policies and they are a major hindrance in the

The effects of the credit crisis on the UK and US financial systems Essay

The effects of the credit crisis on the UK and US financial systems over the past two years - Essay Example f bailouts, in which major industries are saved by the government from financial ruin, after which they either can pay the government back, or become partially or completely owned. In my perspective as a consultant, I advise both governments that the situation has changed somewhat due to these bailout reactions. No explicit mention of macroeconomic factors is made, and the report focuses on policy. In the last two years, policy changes have taken place superficially, although the UK and US financial systems remain fundamentally unchanged. New public scrutiny may continue to change this trend to emphasize a more mandatory nature of releasing financial disclosure reports, thus easing anxiety. As a consultant, I would state that US and UK leaders may or may not pay close attention to disclosure and transparency in business operations. â€Å"The imploding British economy has set off deflation in key asset classes, particularly real estate. Unemployment is skyrocketing, having reached an official figure of 6.7 %, or 2.1 million jobless† (Financial, 2009, 1). The basic assumption of the current report is that the fundamental financial system has not changed in the wake of financial crisis, in either the UK or the US, when looking at the long-term rather than the short-term. The US and UK financial systems are very similar in terms of basic policy; much of US law and other systems were changed only slightly after the American Revolution, and many systems in the US retain UK and European roots, including the economy. The root of the financial systems of both countries is the commercial bank. Historically, commercial banks have been around since the beginnings of history, during the development of monetary systems in early trading between kingdoms and empires. Banking is a very old institution, and most of the commercial banking rules and regulations in place in the US, as mentioned, are actually inherited from European systems of banking from the colonial era,

Customer Satisfaction Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Satisfaction Measurement - Essay Example Net Promoter measures the loyalty of the customer while the J.D power and Associates measure the customer service. Net promoter is useful because it is a practical method. It has several advantages such as its simplicity (The Net Promoter). It applies the use of questioning through taking up a survey. It uses the Net Promoter Score to determine the business line and even the customer service. It is easy to use unlike other complicated indexes. The company may choose to use a phone, email, or web to conduct its surveys. The Net Promoter has a quick follow-up. This index gives the feedback of customers on time whenever it is assigned to investigate on them. Its work is to contact the company manager and give updates concerning his customers. The Net Promoter is a growing body with a lot of experiences; this implies that it has a lot of experiences. It has worked for several companies (The Net Promoter). It has the ability adaptability hence flexible to any change that can occur at any given time. J.D Associates is popular for its consumer surveys. It is best for conducting automotive surveys in most industries. This index ensures that the customers’ satisfaction is under achievement level (J. D. Power). Its main emphasis is on the effective handling service to customers. It takes into account five measures to determine the overall satisfaction of the customer. It ensures that customers have the required repair and maintenance for their vehicles hence keeping them satisfied with their service. The results shown by the two indexes help the company to identify the customer satisfaction, point the unhappy customers, and get the advocates with full potential. Customer satisfaction survey provides the ratings of customers that can have a powerful effect to the company development. These effects aid the employees to gain focus in their work as a result, they push towards satisfying the customers’ expectations (The Net Promoter). They give warnings about

This is about International Relations Theory look assignment criteria Essay

This is about International Relations Theory look assignment criteria please - Essay Example However, the formerly mentioned one guided the world towards taking strong and precisely designed military action in order to neutralize the powerful state of that time. The debate was famous for happening in the mid of 1930s and 40s (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). The idealist scholars and theorists urged the world to converge and consequently resolve their issues with the help of international institutions and the elementary argument of this school of thought was the needed growth of economic and fiscal interdependencies so that econometric interests of the entire world can be streamlined. The modern world of international business is representing the practical application of historical idealist theory because nationality was believed to be the base of every war and therefore, internationalization of economic world forces the national level management towards collaboration with other countries and as a result, the traditional animosities of nations are known to degrade because greater l evel of globalization is taking place in the global marketplace. The nations are primarily busy in developing national level competitive advantage. The growing economic pressures in the global market are identified as the primary force that is compelling the nations to grow their collaborative efforts with other economies. The challenges of terrorism and global unemployment and recession are few instances of confronts that require global integration of resources’ deployment. Thusly, it can be argued that violent wars cannot be stopped by supporting more violence but they can be controlled via promoting trade and business because these measures have the power required to impress the humanity with fruits and benefits of collaborative existence and finally, the time is not far away when humans will embrace the idea of global citizenship. Q.2 The notion of unipolarity states that one nation or region will accumulate the power and strength to influence the cultural and value-based outlook of the entire world. The bipolarity and multipolarity tend to establish that human civilizations have different culture and societal realities and therefore, their populations’ mindset are notably different from each other. The difference in cultural norms is significantly noted to be present in case of personal and private values (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). But, corporate culture all around the world is exhibiting Americanization and therefore, the law of effort is prevailing in all parts of the world. Still, few regions are trying to keep their cultural outlook and identity intact. The cultural experts are of the view that they will eventually fail as globalization is going to eat away each and every cultural and normative difference across cultures and nations while, leaving the world with a common culture in a few decades. Therefore, according to modern way of thinking, unipolarity will become a norm in the near future and because of this reason, national and regi onal level conflict will further degrade. In this way, humans may learn to live peacefully as cultural differences are believed to be the major causes of conflict in humanity’s history. Q.3 The liberals believe that democratic governments come into power due to public’s voting authority and therefore, they are well aware of the fact that they are needed to go back to the masses in order to get support in the next election. The need to win the subsequent elections causes the

Portfolios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolios - Essay Example There are many types of portfolios and some include the documentation portfolio, process portfolio and the show case portfolio. The documentation portfolio also known as working portfolio is an approach that entails the compilation of data that shows the growth and progression of scholars. A process portfolio is another type of portfolio that shows the general learning process of students. This means that the portfolio collects the small details of the student works and shows how a student used his/her skills to improve their grades. This type of portfolio also shows the self-reflection of the students. Showcase portfolios illustrate the cumulative assessment of the syllabus mastery by the student. It contains the best work of the student from the topics that the teachers have seen suitable for evaluation (Sharp) An electronic portfolio is a portfolio that uses technological methods to document and store the information of a student. It is better that the other types of portfolios because it uses many methods of documenting and storing data. These methods include auditory, visual and graphics. The electronic portfolios have the potential of sorting out materials so that they connect facts to suitable standards. The information can be in form of a tape or computer readable structure. Portfolios are a good way of teaching students as the students will be able to assess themselves in their learning process. When a student looks at how he is gradually becoming a poor student, he may be able to pay more attention to his weak points and work harder to perform better. Moreover, through the student portfolio, a teacher is able to make the students perform better in their studies and improve their weak points (Aurbach, 2006). Unlike a report card, which will only show a grade like C or B, a portfolio shows much more detail. It will show the weakness and struggles of a student. This is

Arguing against software patents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arguing against software patents - Essay Example Software should not be patented, they say? (Anthypophora) Yes, it is only right that software should not be patented since it would not make sense to grant one person the right to a single innovation thereby making it impossible for any other person to come up with the same or even better piece of innovation. In many instances, software patent lay is shrouded by assumptions and myths (Bird and Jain 56). When one reads the arguments presented online about the criticisms of software patents, it is hard to miss the frequent misunderstanding, unnecessary exaggeration, considerable conspiracy theory and even misdirected equivocation which render these most of these arguments null and without substance (accumulatio). In other words, these arguments are baseless and should not be taken seriously. A good example of an argument that does not hold water at all is based on claims that software patents are used as schemes by greedy copyright lawyers who are out to make an extra buck by destroying patent protection (Stobbs 45). Despite such arguments as the one mentioned here (concession), there are many rock solid (metaphor) arguments against software patentability which make sense. One argument that carries a lot of weight, and one that has been frequently mentioned in many respectable circles is th at the patents can potentially encourage the creation and development of what are commonly referred to as patent thickets. In the world of technology, according to Stobbs (52) patent thickest are those numerous patents that are interconnected and researchers normally have a hard time navigating through them when they want to develop new technologies. There are two major types of thickets which can arise from software patent. The first type is the one that is characterized by a single innovation and it can be protected by more than one patent holder. This means that any individual interested in the development of certain software can obtain different licenses from several owners. The other type of thicket is one which allows for a product to be covered under many different patents as opposed to just one. The presence of these thickets in the software industry may cause the cost of innovation to rise and inefficiency in terms of growth. Some people argue that software patents have eco nomic value. However this value is usually undermined by the lack of a clear way of searching the software for patenting purposes (concession). This results from the fact that software patents are rarely indexed in any way that can make sense. This makes keyword searches on the software in question very hard and ineffective. There is also the question of legislation. In most cases, one cannot conduct patent libraries in the public domain due to stringent legal obstacles (Burgunder 26). The economic benefits of software patents are thus undermined since they normally depend on technical disclosures as well as patent claims which can only be found in the public domain. If an individual was to hire a patent lawyer to conduct a clearance search, it would not be

Overrepresentation of aboriginal youth in the canadian criminal Thesis

Overrepresentation of aboriginal youth in the canadian criminal justice system - Thesis Example uths depend on social aid, statistics indicate that on-reserve Aboriginal individuals that rely relying on social assistance comprise of 35% of the entire Aboriginal youths; this is a high rate in relation to the 5% of the Canadian population which depends on social support (Sprott and Doob 28). This statistic is a direct reflection of the high levels of on-reserve Aboriginal youths that depend on the social securities. This describes the high crime rates experienced among the on-reserve Aboriginal youth in relation to the off-reserve aboriginal youth. This aspect continues to contribute to the overrepresentation of the Aboriginal youths in the Canadian Criminal Justice System. In addition, there is a likelihood of readmitting an aboriginal youth-delinquent to a federal custody more than a non-Aboriginal youth. The overrepresentation of the Aboriginal youths is also reinforced by the fact there have been inadequate improvement of the general circumstances of the indigenous youths in the past two decades despite various partnerships, reports, reviews and various strategies. As a result, Canada continues to witness the overrepresentation of the Canadian Criminal Justice System. Additionally, the growth rate of the aboriginal population has grown significantly in relation to that of the non-Aboriginal between 1995 and 2006 (Munch 41). This reflects the current high number of the Aboriginal youths experiencing unemployment and engagement in drug abuse. Statistically, the Aboriginal population grew by 45% in relation to that of eight-percent among the non-indigenous group (Munch 33). For instance, the Metris growth number was approximately 389,000 while that of Inuit was about 50,000. On the other hand, the First Nations’ growth number was approximated at 698,000 (Sprott and Doob, 34). These figures represent the present number of aboriginal youths; as a result of high levels of social inequity between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal youths, the high number of

High School Exit Examinations Essay Example for Free

High School Exit Examinations Essay In order to evaluate the educational ability of students Standardized Tests or examinations, have been designed, which do so in an unbiased manner, irrespective of social background and educational experience. One such test is the multiple-choice examination, wherein the students have to make a selection from a number of answers for a particular question and indicate their choice on a test form. Such tests are frequently given to students who study in elementary and secondary schools (Standardized Tests, 2006). These examinations benefitted students to a large extent, because they had to take just one set of examinations, in order to apply for admission to different schools. The College Board initiated the Scholastic Aptitude Test or the SAT in 1926. The SAT is a multiple choice test that was based on the psychological tests given to US Army recruits. The SAT, by the year 1940, was being widely employed by educational institutions in the US (Standardized Tests, 2006). Standardized tests are taken by elementary school and high school, and undergraduates and graduates. The majority of these tests are controlled by the Educational Testing Service or ETS and the American College Testing or ACT Program. The results of these tests help educational institutions to assess scholastic performance and to ascertain the suitability of a student for a particular undergraduate or graduate degree program (Standardized Tests, 2006). The Center on Education Policy or the CEP had made it mandatory for fifty two percent of the students studying in the public schools to take the high school exit examinations. However, the implementation of this policy became difficult as the CEP had realized that opposition from the public towards this compulsory high school exit examination had been on the increase. It was also decided that students who failed to obtain a pass mark in this examination would not be awarded the high school diploma. This decision to withhold high school diplomas to students who failed in the exit examination was greeted with a great deal of resistance (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, Pecheone, 2005). The implementation of the exit examinations also caused a gradual reduction in the number of graduate students. This was evident in the Afro – American and Latino students, English language learners and students with disabilities. This reform would result in reduced incentives for students who had been striving to remain in school, a reduction in the curriculum and a disregard for higher order performance skills, because of the utilization of limited measures and irrelevant judgments regarding student learning (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, Pecheone, 2005). The use of exit examinations varies from state to state. Some states have already implemented them, whereas other states have not implemented them. A majority of states have put forward several options and alternatives. So far only eight states have implemented the mandatory exit examination as a compulsory requirement, in which the student has to obtain a pass mark, in order to obtain a high school diploma. Further, this system does not take cognizance of the excellence of performance of the students and their academic record and is solely guided by whether the students have obtained a pass mark in the exit examination or not (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, Pecheone, 2005). Most of the states have implemented multiple measures of performance in order to evaluate the student’s capability of learning. The student requires a pass mark in the state examination, which is used as an indicator for the student’s ability to obtain a state diploma. Moreover, the student is also required to obtain a pass mark in other alternatives that test the student by using a wide range of methods so as to establish their academic learning. In these states, there is not just a single test to disqualify students from graduation but there exist an array of indicators to determine the knowledge of the students (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, Pecheone, 2005). In an important report relating to the implementation of the high school exit test in the state of Mississippi, sixty five recommendations had been proposed. Some of these are, it would be totally inappropriate to require students to obtain a pass mark in an examination that contained material that had not been taught to the students. Further, the exit examination should be based on a multiple choice system, which would test thinking skills. Moreover, the exit examination would be undesirable for the students of the state of Mississippi. In addition, the national – level exit examination would require a total restructuring of the curriculum of the district schools, which would create serious difficulties. Furthermore, measures that evaluate the student’s skills and performance should be segmented. Moreover, great care would have to be taken while implementing tests that evaluate the performance and skills of students (ED384990 – Issues To Consider in Moving beyond a Minimal Competency High School Graduation Test, 1995). The states of Arizona, California and Utah introduced high school exit examinations, in which high school students from the year 2006 have to obtain a pass mark, in order to be awarded a high school diploma. In most of the states of the Union that enforce such high school exit examinations, students are required to take it in the sophomore year. The level of these tests is of the tenth grade and students who are unable to obtain a pass mark are provided with a number of opportunities to again take this test. Sixteen of the twenty three states that have made these tests compulsory have directed the schools to provide remediation to students who fail to obtain a pass mark. Furthermore, in states that are introducing these examinations, financial help for such remediation has in most of the cases been provided by it (David, 21st June, 2006). In the state of New York students have taken these high school exit tests with a very high degree of success and have obtained a large number of diplomas. However, this has not proved to be applicable to students belonging to the minority communities. The Education Commissioner disclosed that eighty one percent of white students obtained their diplomas in due course, whereas the students of minority communities found the obtention of pass marks in English, mathematics, global history, geography, US history and science to be a daunting task. Consequently, only forty two percent of the Hispanic students, forty five percent of African American and sixty eight percent of Asian students obtained their diplomas within the stipulated time (Hoff, 23rd of March, 2005). A survey conducted by the National Center on Educational Outcomes has revealed the fact that fifty percent of the states of the Union have made it mandatory to obtain a pass mark in the exit test, in order to be eligible to obtain a high school diploma. However, very few states have implemented an alternative procedure for evaluating disabled students, which is of an equivalent standard in comparison to the test applied to regular students. This report goes on to state that the absence of tests for the disabled and regular students that are of equivalent rigor, gives rise to the impression that disabled students are not competent to undertake grade level work (Samuels, 4th of May, 2005). In the state of California, the Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger passed a law that exempts disabled students from taking and obtaining a pass mark in the high school exit test. This new law states that if a student had been permitted to follow an individual education plan and if such a student had satisfied all other criteria for being awarded with a high school diploma and further if that student had received remediation for the exit test, then that student would be allowed to graduate, irrespective of having obtained a pass mark in the exit test. The objective of this law was to enable the state of California to provide better instructions for disabled students (Jacobson, 8th of Februray, 2006). In the state of Utah, even if students who do not obtain a pass mark in every portion of the high school exit test, they are awarded the high school diploma. However, such diplomas contain a statement that the student had not obtained a pass mark in the high school exit test. Several states of the Union are having second thoughts about continuing with such high school exit tests and at the same time a several students have proved to be unsuccessful in obtaining a pass mark in their graduation examinations. The law in the state of Utah has made it mandatory for high school students to obtain a pass mark in mathematics, reading and that part of the Utah Basic Skills Competency Test that comprises of tests on writing skills, in order to be awarded with a high school diploma (Olson, 25th January, 2006). In another study it was established that states of the Union, in which high school exit tests are in vogue, have a graduation rate and college entrance examination marks that are significantly lower than states that do not have such tests. In particular, students from states of the Union, that had made it mandatory to obtain a pass mark in the high school exit examination, fared worse than students from states of the Union that did not insist on such a condition, in the internationally acknowledged Scholastic Aptitude Test. Moreover, such students had a significantly lower rate of graduation (Viadero, 2nd of February, 2005). It has been opined by many people that high school exit examinations result in an increase in the number of students who discontinue their studies, before obtaining a high school diploma. The detractors of such exit examinations have very pertinently pointed out the fact that the already low graduation rates are being forced down to a much lower level. Many critics have stated that it would be patently unfair to deny a student who had completed thirteen years of schooling a high school diploma, merely because that student could not obtain a pass mark in the high school examination. Moreover, many persons consider such a denial of a high school diploma to be ruthlessly unjust, because such a diploma is essential for ensuring a bright future.

Marketing communication mix

Marketing communication mix ABSTRACT: The whole work revolves around the subject of marketing communication mix. Considered to be derived from marketing mix. Communication mix consists of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing and PR. For I-phones they use caples principle of advertisement. Advertising is effective but expensive Personal selling is expensive but is considered as cost-effective Sales promotion uses pull or push strategy. Direct marketing is common way used now days. To select right communication mix we should always use products life cycle to determine. Should keep a good eye on products sale to find the most effective way for advertisement Characteristic and role of each and every communication mix differ. LITERATURE REVIEW: I followed three different books and used AIDA, john caples principle and example of i-phone in my assignment. Most of the items I used were written by Philip kotler. I tried to use some facts and figures to prove my findings and as books being credible source I tried to use them rather than using internet sources. Mostly pictures are copied from internet only and all the items are referenced accordingly. Dr. kotler is considered one of the worlds leading authority on management and is considered pioneer writer in the field of international marketing and branding. MARKETING COMMUNICATION MIX: In this era of digital technology and competition, no one can survive without marketing; either its the product, brand or a service. The best definition of marketing was given by Al Ries and Trout â€Å"marketing is the performance of those activities which seek to accomplish organizations objective by anticipating customer or client needs and directing flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client.†(Source: Al Ries, Trout jack, 2006, marketing warfare, McGraw hill companies. Inc.) MARKETING MIX: Marketing alone couldnt be taken on account to anticipate and fulfill the customer needs. To just check the existence and evidence of presence of marketing communication mix we will look at 7 Ps of marketing. In 1960 Mccarthy came up with 4 Ps of marketing. The marketing mix according to some authors was already used as term before her in 1940s while later in 1980 booms and Bernard came up with 3 more Ps. The use of these 3 Ps is still debatable and is criticized by many people. (Sources: http://www.continuumlearning.com/Customer%20Services_7Ps%20of%20Services.pdf, http://www.netmba.com/marketing/mix/) MARKETING COMMUNICATION MIX AND IMPORTANCE: As from above we have seen that the marketing is not only about promoting your product but also depends other 6 factors but as we are talking about communication mix, it mostly relates to promotion. The communication is required between the customer and the business in order to increase the transactions or to maximize the daily sales of the business. It is important to mention here that the right communication mix is important to be chosen which suites the business needs and is the clearest way for the business to convey the message. Belch, E. and Belch A. describe Integrated Marketing Communications as â€Å"a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communication disciplines and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency and maximum communications impact†.(source: http://www.oppapers.com/essays/MarketingCommunicationsMix/13818.). In 1961 according to the same author Albert Frey was the first one to distinguish between communication tools and offering. Simply saying offerings are the service u offer used e.g. product, price and brand etc while tools you use such as place; promotion etc. so according to him which ever way you take you will use all your approaches for people. (Smith p r, Taylor Jonathan, 2004, 4th edition, marketing communications, Gutenberg press ltd, Malta) From all the discussion above we can conclude that the communication mix tools are as follows: The most common used promoting media used are:Internet, telesales, banners, broachers, radio, TV, telephone, newspaper etc. According to caple principle of promoting or advertising: Get attention Hold attention Create desire Make it believable Prove its a bargain Make it easy to buy Give reason to buy CASE STUDY: From my point of view, I-phone uses this kind of strategy for their sales. Most of the times we see the I-phone holding the whole last page of newspaper and showing what this product can do and the other ordinary phone might not be able to. The product before and after launch is advertised so many times to remind the customer of the phone that a lot of customers are attracted. As result many customers buy the product and we normally see the line in front of apple shops when the product is launched. They use sale promotion strategy for ending line of product. I.e. they used the sales promotion where they were finishing line of 2.5g (1st generation I-phone) where they reduced the price of phone, in order to boost the sale and finish the line of product when it was on declining stage. This helped company to get some potential customers. ADVERTISING: Advertising is said as very simple but expensive form of promotion. Advertising can be different depending on product or media used. For example on TV or it can also be in the form of internet advertisement. But this is considered most expensive because anyone who uses this have to either use large campaigns or use their lots of time in this kind of promotion. Advertising is the form of promotion is considered as non-personal promotional mix because the business doesnt know if their message is received by its customer or not, do people understand the product etc. CHARACTERESTIC OF ADVERTISMENT: According to Kotler characteristic of advertising are Public presentation: advertising is considered as highly public mode of communication and people consider this kind of promotion more because they consider that the offer they have been made through the media is standard. Pervasiveness: it is the medium of communication where a seller can repeat its message many times and this as a result help buyer to compare the sellers product with other competitors or substitute available. Amplified expensiveness: means that if company use little bit of different way or expensive way from its competitor, it might result in getting buyers attention. Impersonality: means that the customer or buyer is not as much motivated to buy the product or service as much as he is through a sales agent. As it is one way communication so the customer might wants to know about the product but cant because he cant speak to advertisement. The most common way of advertisement is TV, radio, newspaper, broachers and magazines etc.The advertisement is really beneficial in creating long term relationship between consumer, product and business. E.g. coca-cola uses all time red color for advertisement of their product and uses same advertisement many times a day to attract customer. PURPOSE OF ADVERTISMENT: The main purpose of advertisement is to get buyers attention, which creates interest and a desire rises in customer following the action (buying). According to the same website UK advertising expenditure in 2008 was  £18.6 billion. Not only that but also if we notice in our daily life routine we might go to some place and pay attention to the product for which we have seen advertisement recently. Sometime on local buses we see some poster and think that do we need the product or not and sometime even though we dont need it we might end up buying it. PERSONAL SELLING: It is considered to be one of most cost-effective kind of promotion. Some books also consider this as the most expensive one as well because of wage cost to the company, travelling cost and the company always have to offer the people with some kind of incentives to boost sales. Personal selling is considered effective because the business can feel the consumers requirement and can make up a package for consumer in order to fulfill their needs. The consumer can also look at the packages that suits best to their needs and can also tell the sales representative about their needs .e.g. British gas etc. Normally we see people from gas and electricity companies doing this kind of promotion. CHARACTERESTIC OF PERSONAL SELLING: According to Kotler(1997) the main characteristics are Personal confrontation: involves consumer and business representative where the need of consumer can be felt by the supplier. They can either come to some point of agreement or the business can offer some flexibility to consumer in order to gain or retrieve a customer. Cultivation: means that the business can adjust their offers according to customers need in order to maintain good relationship between business and customer. Sales representatives mostly use affectionate and friendly kind of approach towards their customers. Response: means that the buyers mostly respond to their seller and their response can be taken in account to increase sale. The response can be either good or bad depending on what customer feels about the product. ROLE: The main role of personal selling is mostly Acquire new potential customers and provide old customers the best service. Try to sale the product efficiently After sale provide them with best services Close the sale If resources or stock become less try to allocate other resources to make sure that customer remain in business with us. Though this kind of selling is decreasing due to presence of media like internet, TV and telephones. The costly method still used but only by some companies. Most of the companies have changed with changing world. SALES PROMOTION: It is normally used to boost the sale mostly at declining stage of the product. It offers the customer with either discounts or some kind of other special offers which results in customer attraction and as a result customer buys the product. Normally business uses coupon, special offers ands discounts etc. This kind of promotion is only good for short term and doesnt lead to long term relationship between business and customer. For example some companies use even ebay to do their promotions by using bid auctions like a company called EOL (end-o-line). Another is example is to supply customer with offers like by 1 and get 1 free etc. CHARACTERESTIC: According to Kotler three distinctive benefits and characteristics are Communication: mostly this kind of promotion gets the customers attention and provides customer with the information which may lead to transaction. Incentives: the business introduces some kind of concession, offers or vouchers to increase the sale temporarily. Invitation: the customers are usually forced to do the transaction soon by saying either till stocks last or till the date. This helps business to get more transactions in the limited time. ROLE: Sales promotion normally uses push, pull. These play an important role in any sales promotion. According to davedolak.com business uses push strategy to get the traders to stock their items and also give good offers, as a result, the trade people put more sales effort in order to maximize their profit. The product might be sold again to one of the wholesalers or end consumers. This is normally used in B2B relationship. The pull strategy is that the consumer is offered a good discount on buying product from the business. Sometime it is also used as a term that the business waits for the consumer to turn up and order the product and is produced, as they cant stock of the products life cycle. This is used for B2C relationship. Normally car suppliers and showrooms use this kind of strategy to promote sale to consumer and finish the old stock. PUBLIC RELATIONS: This kind of promotion is used by company to make their image better in public eyes. There is a different department for this kind of promotion. These departments mostly try to improve their companys goodwill in consumers eye. For example Durex the condom makers donated 50,000 condoms to NGOs in December on world aids day. The other thing they started was that they went to the social networking website â€Å"Facebook† and launched some games in order to increase awareness and sales. The company or business might do some charities or sponsor some kind of good cause. The companies might also use newsletter or news releases to improve PR. CHARACTERESTICS: According to Kortley(1997) role of PR is High credibility: most of the time people trust news or articles more than other like advertisement, personal selling or sales promotion. ABILITY: it is much easier to catch people who avoid personal selling. So the message is read by more people and this might result in more sales. DRAMATIZATION: it also has potential of setting company or product reputation at the level which company is not in real life. This can be the result of advertising as well. ROLES: In normal routine of life these people play an important role in image of a company as they are the one responsible for news releases and the charitable functions. The PR has to make sure that they do their work through the right channel so that it can be recognized by the people. E.g. they shouldnt help the cause of cutting trees as it might hurt many peoples feelings. They should try to reach those people who cannot be reached because they avoid personal selling etc. another thing that they should try to help campaigns with their product rather than money as it will improve the products sale and image. For example IBM provides non-profit companies with discounted price on purchase of their items. DIRECT MARKETING: This type of promotion is used by mails, telemarketing and catalog marketing. This is quite effective way of promotion because the response can be taken on account to increase sale or acquire new customers from other competitors. E.g. sometime we receive a call on our numbers offering different services or products (especially on landlines). Some other schools of thoughts also consider e-marketing as a part of this promotion type like e-mails for promotions or sales. (Kutler, 1997). CHARACTERESTICS: According to Kutler(1997), there are four types of direct marketing. Nonpublic: the letter or e-mail or telephone is for specific person who have subscribed to some offers. Customized: normally can be different for two different customers depending on their buying history. Up-to-date: offer can be prepared delivered quickly using e-marketing or telesales. Interactive: customer can be offered with much more different choices in this kind of promotion. ROLE: Normally companies use bombardment of e-mail to many customers and wait for their response. This way have been used a lot now days and is becoming less effective as people always consider them as junk e-mail. Another way of e-marketing is using social websites like facebook to introduce or advertise the product. E.g. durex used this kind of strategy and introduced some games on social networking website to increase the sale. Another way is cataloging, where the businesses send the people to drop the catalogue and the consumer can call and order the product. Last but not least now they use special television channels and phone calls to inspire and get some business from the potential customers. CRITICAL ANLYSIS: As from all the information we have seen the characteristic which are most probably advantages while in introduction of ever kind of promotion I have discussed some disadvantages as well to make sure that the business using any kind of this can know the harmful and useful points of their promotion and the role tells us the importance of the particular communication mix. IMPORTANCE: The importance of marketing communication mix can also be felt when we see that it is connected with the marketing mix. The research on this started from 1940. It flourished with the entrance of new media. Businesses always try to use communication mix to get the share and attention of market. Due to increased competition level we can use one of the tools to acquire new customers in the market. Right communication mix can be used by realizing right target customers. SELECTION OF RIGHT COMMUNICATON MIXES: As we discussed earlier about the I-phone, we will now see how the product should be advertised through out its life cycle to make it a success. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: First stage is pre introduction stage where we use very small amount on advertising and just to let people know that we are launching some new product. On 2nd stage i.e. introduction we use PR and advertisement. On3rd stage of growth we need heavy amount of money to be spent in order to make product successful in the market. At maturity level we use less advertising as a tool but now we use more and more sales promotion and PR. At the decline we use sales promotion but some company might use direct marketing as a tool as well to provide customers with good offers. The first and foremost thing for any campaign is that it should know who their target market is and what age group they are looking for. Then depending on their objective they can use one of the models to solve their problem. COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVE: Depending on market type the company or business should enter in, the business should decide their communication objective depending on their product and policies. Depending on your product, target market and business you can select the model and decide what should be the strategy from pre introduction stage till the decline stage. For example in case of an innovation free trial is important. Apple used this kind of strategy when they allowed people to take computers, pc or laptops to home and could use it over the weekend as trial and can buy it after they think the product is efficient enough for use. COMMUNICATION LANDSCAPE: According to Kotler (2008) businesses are moving towards the focused marketing rather than mass marketing. The businesses use the tool of advertisement and promotion in the places where they should and only focus on their target market and people rather than the old technique of sending their message to many people which may result as one of the do the transaction. People do not pay attention to ads and promotion of the product they might not be interested in, most of the time they try to skip the section of advertisements and breaks while watching TV. So it is important to have the right focus group now days to increase sale and transactions. Kotler and his fellow writers used word of broadcasting which is to play the advertisement for mass media thinking that it might result in transaction. The other word he used was narrowcast where only interested and potential customers are target. He used these terms in his â€Å"shifting marketing communication model†. According to them due to change in ICT and presence of internet people are motivated to use online sources to watch their favorite programs and skip the ads in between the breaks. Only few people might watch those. Although mass media like TV and radio is evergreen but is decreased because of presence of internet. An average person spends 5 times more time on internet than TV. Thats why companies now use their ads on internet and use social networking websites for publicity etc. e.g. companies like Cadbury uses the statement on their website â€Å"find us on facebook†.(source: kotley Philip, armstrong garry, wong veronica, saunders john, 2008, principles of marketing, fifth edition,pearson education ltd. ) CONCLUSION: All the companies or businesses have to spend in this field to make sure that they get the expected results from the product and the business. If the company fails to use right communication mix at the right time, their product will be a waste for them and might result in little sale. All 5 communication mix together can lead to a good business, as they all can be used depending on life cycle of the product. The communication objectives should be kept in mind for a successful business. Depending on the product the message should be designed appropriately to reach to the audience. RECOMMENDATIONS: Businesses should identify their needs first. Businesses should try to fix the budget for promotional and advertising purpose. Businesses should allocate resources in case of no resource available to keep the campaigns going. Business should also allocate fixed amount of money or products to PR as well. Sales promotion times should not be fixed on introduction time. The message should be designed professionally and to the perfection. For the products affordable method should be chosen. The business should try to use same logo or slogan for their products. PR should try to use news release and other form of media to improve reputation of the company. Checks on sale should be carried out by the business in order to find most effective communication mix for their company. REFRENCES: BOOKS: Al Ries, Trout jack, 2006, marketing warfare, McGraw hill companies. Inc. Smith p r, Taylor Jonathan, 2004, 4th edition, marketing communications, Gutenberg press ltd, Malta Kotler Philip, 1997, 9th edition, marketing management, prentice hall international inc. kotley Philip, armstrong garry, wong veronica, saunders john, 2008, principles of marketing, fifth edition,pearson education ltd. WEBSITES: http://www.provenmodels.com/files/123ef9407d8e6d92371d23abbff78ac3/aida-sales-funnel.gif http://www.adassoc.org.uk/aa/index.cfm/adstats/ http://www.davedolak.com/promo.htm http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0350470802001.png http://www.davedolak.com/promix.htm https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8yfjSy8rAhdoNa-0BOr8ZXi9rVbvbIUTKV7t8Lxg_i0Nnz-HrwrnjG6K55CU1REjlhKm_Q7Kwz7T33VJy9Jv8qwPqf4myPaJD0SJtPX7xfNbgZ76Yo0EfHdLklD4foGuQ0q4KpbBJ3pot/s400/promix.gif http://www.davedolak.com/advtg.htm http://www.sales-and-marketing-for-you.com/images/marketing-mix-structure.jpg http://www.continuumlearning.com/Customer%20Services_7Ps%20of%20Services.pdf http://www.netmba.com/marketing/mix/ http://www.oppapers.com/essays/MarketingCommunicationsMix/13818 http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/promotion_personalselling.asp http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/hardware/archives/page9665.cfm http://www.jobbankusa.com/career_employment/public_relations_specialists/job_descriptions_definitions_roles_responsibility.html http://www.erdm.com/USPS_White_Paper.pdf

Issues of Multinational Corporations

Issues of Multinational Corporations In todays global world, there have increasing trends of international geographic diversification which can be define as a business expansion across the borders of global regions into different geographic location with many subsidiaries in a large numbers of countries- Multinational Corporations (MNCs). MNCs have taken on an increasing role and become the key component in the world economy as a whole and in globalization of market. International business scholars have argued that international diversification is vital because it is based on exploiting imperfections and foreign market opportunities through internalization (Rugman, 1979, 1981). Today global was become more challenges; as a result, many multinational companies (MNCs) seek to expand their business in the international geographic region through aggressively establishing subsidiaries and direct foreign investment to increase the return and lower the risk as well as enhance the value of shareholders equity By looking at the past and more recent survey, it seems that the number of MNCs that are bases in Malaysia have increased significantly over the year (Bala UNCTAD, 1999; Annuar et al., 1996 and Heenan Keegan, 1979). Bala (1999) points out as of 1997; half of the firm that is listed on KLSE is MNCs. This mean over the year to year, Malaysia has increased on the international diversification. Many MNCs from developing countries such as Malaysia also build up their operation in oversea. For example, the company in Malaysia that operates abroad is PETRONAS and IOI. Have MNCs or international diversification really bring benefits to the business. As shown by David and Qian (1997), firms anticipate positive returns on the foreign investments or else they will not involve in the activities. Therefore if the previous performance of Malaysia MNCs on investments overseas is good, it will encourage more of such investments. However, MNCs is also exposure to some international risk that firm must pay more attention. Those risks are exchange rate movement exposure foreign economy exposure and political risk exposure. Problem Statement This study focuses on Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia that listed in the KLSE. In previously discussion, some of the researchers found that international geographic diversification by MNCs will bring benefits to company. However, sometime MNCs may contribute less and no significant effect through international geographic diversification. Firm seeks to invest in foreign country due to many factors. Isnt international geographic diversification will bring benefits to the firm? If foreign investment no brings any advantages to the firm, no points to firm diversify in outside country. This study will focuses on the impact of diversify in other geographic region. Furthermore, a lot of researchers are most likely to look at outside country perspective compare to look at Malaysia perspective on MNCs. In Malaysia, more researchers are seldom focuses on analyze the impact of Malaysia MNCs to the risk and return performance. That is a reason for this study to analyze the influence of MNC in Malaysia risk and return performance. Objective This study is to determine the impact of international diversification on Malaysias risk and return performance. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Define of MNC Multinational Corporations (MNCs) is a corporation that has operation and production of fixed assets or other facilities in at least one overseas country and makes its major management decisions in a global context. Sometimes it also called as transnational corporation (Vernon, 1971). According to the Eun Resnick (2004), multinational corporation (MNC) is a business firm incorporated in one country that has sales operations and production in several other countries those in abroad countries. This mean a firm obtains the raw materials from one geographic market from other, after that, produces the goods with capital equipment in third country, and finally sell the finished product in other international markets. Furthermore, according to Dunning (1993), a multinational corporation is an enterprise that engages in activities such as foreign direct investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding in more than one country. 2.2 The Advantage and disadvantage of MNC There have some advantages of MNCs. An increasing of the geographic scope of operation may enhance a firms ability to coordinate or share its international geographic activities (Kimet al. 1989, Qian 1997). It enables a firm to realize about the economies of scale and scope (Caves, 1996). For example, firm can get cheaper labor in certain countries compared with their parent company and used technology to reduce costs. It helps it to diminish fluctuations in profit by spreading its investment risks over other different countries (Kim, Hwang, Burgers, 1993). It helps reduce costs and increase revenues by enhance a firms market power over its distributors, suppliers and customers (Kogut, 1985). Although these are the major exploitation benefits of MNCs, the initial impetus to a firms internationalization comes from the opportunity to exploit market imperfections in the cross-border use of its intangible assets (Caves, 1971). A firm can gain above-normal returns by exploiting its firm-specific assets, especially intangible ones, in international markets (Buckley, 1988). Recently, scholars have drawn attention to the exploration benefits of internationalization using an organizational learning perspective. This perspective emphasizes that a firms subsidiaries in disparate host countries can help to enhance its knowledge base, capabilities, and competitiveness through experiential learning (Barkema and Vermeulen, 1998; Delios and Henisz, 2000; Zahra, Ireland and Hitt, 2000). In addition, each host country has its own unique resource endowments and location specific advantages, which might not be available in the home country. Such host country specific advantages can motivate a firm to establish subsidiaries there to explore these advantages and augment its competitiveness in both its home and host markets (Kogut Chang, 1991). Finally, Technology transfer can in turn generate significant positive externalities with wider implications for development (Graham , 1996).In Malaysia, for example, Motorola Malaysia transferred the technology required to produce a particular type of printed circuit board to a Malaysian firm, which then developed the capacity to produce these circuit boards on its own (Moran, 1999). Nevertheless, these have some disadvantages of MNCs. When making a foreign investment, a firms managers contend with many challenges related to a new operation, such as purchasing and installing facilities, staffing, and establishing internal management systems and external business networks. These challenges can put a new subsidiary in a disadvantageous position, as compared to an established firm in the target market, and can decrease its competitiveness. These liabilities, however, tend to decrease as a firms subsidiaries build and improve reputations and legitimacy in the host country in which they operate (Barkema, Bell, Pennings, 1996). Challenges can be experienced by any new subsidiary, but there are difficulties specific to new subsidiaries established in foreign countries. A foreign subsidiary has a liability of foreignness (Hymer, 1976) that can lead to it having higher costs because it cannot conduct business activities as effectively as a local firm. Being foreign means mistakes in various business decisions are more likely (Barkema Vermeulen, 1998; Vermeulen Barkema, 2002). Hoskisson and Turk (1990) argued that internal capital markets have governance and control limits. Markides (1992, 1995) reported value creation from corporate refocusing for firms in the 1980-88 periods. Bergh and Lawless (1998) found in a panel of 164 Fortune 500 firms that there were limits in the efficiency of hierarchical governance and that environmental uncertainty heightened its costs. Many of the costs associated with product diversification such as coordination difficulties, information asymmetry, and incentive misalignment between headquarters and divisional managers in multidivisional firms can be also manifest in multinational enterprises between headquarters and subsidiary managers (Denis et al., 2002; Harris, Kriebel, Raviv, 1982). As the number of internal transactions increases with the number of foreign subsidiaries established by a firm, governance costs can rise rapidly to a point at which the governance costs exceed any internalization benefits (Hitt et al., 1997; Tallman Li, 1996). The governance costs and coordination costs associated with increasing multinationality are compounded if these increases take place by a firms expanding the number of host countries in which it operates. 2.3 Background of Malaysia MNCs According to Madura (2000), there have three form of foreign investment which are acquisitions of existing companies in foreign countries, a joint venture with companies in foreign countries and opening up a companys subsidiary in foreign countries. Companies that conduct any of above form of investment are known as MNCs. Bala (1999) conducted a survey of foreign investments conducted by firms listed at KLSE in orger to identify MNCs originating from Malaysia. From 436 listed firm (as at October 1997), he discovers that 207 firms are actively involved in foreign investment activities and they can be considers as MNCs. In the survey, it was also discovered that 17 companies have more than 20 ongoing foreign investment projects in various countries. Top of the list is Sime Darby with 110 ongoing foreign investment activities spanning in 19 countries (Bala, 1999). As a result, we known Malaysia has highly engages in foreign investment. Above table show the companies in Malaysia that have diversify in foreign country in year 2008. The higher the diversification the lower the risk is. For example, Tanjong PLC has higher diversification which is 2.3667 and has a lower risk which is 1.691 for standard deviation ROA and 1.762 for standard deviation ROE. In contrast, Ireka Corp Bhd has lower diversification which is 0.6931 will has a relative higher risk in which 10.411 for standard deviation ROA and 33.472 for standard deviation ROE. Above table show the companies in Malaysia that have diversify in foreign country in year 2009. The higher the diversification the lower the risk is. For example, Insas Bhd has higher diversification which is 1.3778 and has a lower risk which is 2.009 for standard deviation ROA and 2.990 for standard deviation ROE. In contrast, Selangor Dredging Bhd has lower diversification which is 0.5004 will has a relative higher risk in which 3.835 for standard deviation ROA and 8.024 for standard deviation ROE as compare with Insas Bhd. 2.4 Evidence of Effect on International Diversification on Firm Performance As shown in many studies, the results towards international diversification were uncertainty. Some studies showed benefits of a business by diversification and sometime, some researchers showed that was no benefit on international diversification . In addition, Kim et al. (1989) argue that the firm has more subsidiaries in outside country, its opportunities to leverage strategic resources is greater while simultaneously diversifying market risks, thus raising its performance. As a result, many firms seek to get this benefits by diversify in overseas. One of the studies found that horizontal S-curve between geographic diversification and firms performance (Lu and Beamish, 2004). This mean which at first showed an increasing internationalization and the performance is decline, followed by a positive relationship between increasing firm performance and geographic diversification, and after that declined at very high levels of multinationality. This relationship in turn was moderated by intangible asset advantages that accrued with expansion of the geographic scope of a firm. Firms achieved higher returns to geographic expansion by strong technology or advertising asset advantages. However, there are also some arguments showed the result is negative effects and no relationship of firms international geographic diversification negative relationship. Denis, Denis Yost (2002) and Geringer, Tallman, Olsen (2000) found a negative relationship between geographic diversification and firms performance. It mean that diversification on overseas doesnt result in high return or lower risk to the firms. Furthermore, some studies (Hitt et al., 1997; Gomes and Ramaswamy, 1999; Capar and Kotabe, 2003) found an inverted-U relationship between the extent of geographic spread and performance. Kumar (1984) and Yoshihara (1985) found that there is no significant relationship between diversification and firms performance. Many researchers have different result on whether MNCs gain benefits to the firms performance. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection The data of MNCs is collect from the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) and obtain by using the source like internet. From the KLSE, we have chosen 27 companies annual report in which fourteen MNCs in year 2008 and thirteen MNCs in year 2009 that all is listed at KLSE. After find the annual report of each company, we calculate the subsidiaries of each company that incorporated in foreign country that outside Malaysia. Furthermore, we also calculate the ROA and ROE in year 2008 and 2009 for each company toward annual reports. We use Microsoft Excel to calculate our data such as ROA, ROE, and Standard Deviation. 3.2 Measurement of International Diversification During last decades, the measurements of the firm diversification seem to have significantly increased. Entropy is one of the methods which have remained use for over two decades (Sankaran P. Raghunathan, 1995). Recently, the entropy measure has been found to enjoy more validity than the other measures of firms diversification (Hoskisson, Hitt, Johnson Moesel, 1993). International diversification is calculated as the entropy of each firms relative to the country or region holdings: D= Siloge (1/S) Where D is diversification, Si is the ratio of a firms holdings (number of subsidiaries) in the country or region i to the total number of foreign subsidiaries. According to the market imperfection and transaction costs theories, the ability of a firm to earn profits upon its intangible assets and to minimize its costs of managing is affected by differences and similarities between the countries in which it was operated (Vachani, 1991). The relevant geographic units have close similarities in fluctuation of demand; external restriction and pattern of general economic conditions. Five geographic region are use to measure international diversification. These market areas are Asia, America, Europe, Asian and other ocean. These five international regions provide with the basic for geographic specification. Each of the firm is assigned a value in term of both the number of its subsidiaries in each region and the number of geographic regions in which it is involved. 3.3 Measurement of Performance Many researchers prefer accounting variables as performance measures such as return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA), along with their variability as measures of risk (Anil M. Pandya and Narendar V. Rao, 1998). Return on total asset (ROA). This is the most frequently used performance measure in previous studies of diversification (Pandya and Rao, 1998). ROA is defined as the ratio of net income (income available to common stockholders) to the book value of total assets it is expressed as: Return on Equity (ROE). This is the ratio of net income (income available to common stockholders) to stockholders equity. It is a measure of company performance from the viewpoint of shareholders. It is essential in the calculation of the ROE to use the profit for ordinary shareholders, which is the profit after tax and after interest charges (Weetman, 2003). It is expressed as: 3.4 Measurement of Profit and Risk In addition to these financial measures, the risk profile of the different diversification groups was also compared. This was achieved by computing the variability and risk per unit of return of the financial ratios. Variability could be measured by the standard deviation while risk per unit of return measured by the coefficient of variation (CV; Pandya and Rao, 1998). The CV is the ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean. It is expressed as (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992): Where SD is standard deviation and is arithmetic mean.

Automated AntiTrojan 8211 A Necessity for Windows 9598 Users :: Essays Papers

Automated AntiTrojan 8211 A Necessity for Windows 9598 Users Software Security has been a top priority for all the Operating System programming companies. Although Windows 95/98 is the most widely used operating system all over the world it is certainly not the best when it comes to security. There are many flaws that have been discovered and exploited by ‘hackers’. These hackers take advantage of the loopholes in the system to break through the security and give them access to a lot of confidential data in users’ computers across the Internet. Microsoft the producer of Windows 95/98 has not taken enough security measures when they programmed the operating system. One of the most dangerous programs that are used to exploit the security holes in the Windows 95/98 systems are ‘Trojan Horses’ or ‘Trojans’. Well, they have nothing to do with horses, but technically, a trojan is a program which does something you don’t expect it to do or a program which run’s hidden and allows others to control your PC across the Internet/Network. Some people misunderstand a trojan to be a virus and they think that since they have a virus scanner protecting their computer, it will detect the trojan and remove it. But, most of the virus scanners are ineffective against many of the trojans because of their versatility. Most trojans come in two parts, the client and the server that the client connects to. The server, when run, will often bury itself into a startup section of the user’s computer so that it is loaded every time he starts the computer. The servers are small programs which when run, open a port on the user’s computer which makes the PC ‘hack-able’ and it waits for the hackers to connect to the computer. These programs servers are often invisible and they don’t even show in the Ctrl + Alt +Delete menu. The bit that the hackers are interested in, is the client (see Fig 1 – next page). This is the software that is run by the ha cker on his computer to connect to someone who’s already running the server. The client software is used to issue commands to the server (the victim’s computer). Hacker – Client – Internet – Server – Victim If you take away any of the above components then the trojan won’t work. The HACKER needs a CLIENT to use to connect to the server.

Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors Essay -- essays research papers

Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors Comedy of Errors is one of Shakespeare’s first plays. The minor characters, in the play, Egeon and the Duke, set up the framework of the play. Egeon, at the request of the Duke, describes his adventures and relates his life story. This provides the history of The Comedy of Errors, and helps keep track of the confusion, which unfolds during the play. There are several themes that Shakespeare uses which are only loosely related to the actual comedy. The conflicts between burden and freedom, rule and compassion, loss and rebirth all form a critical undertone within the play. There is also the serious effect time. Shakespeare requires that all the action end at five o'clock, the time of Egeon's execution, Antipholus of Syracuse's meeting with the merchant, and the moment when Angelo must pay the Second Merchant his money. There are also several coercions within the play. The comedy opens with Egeon unintentionally breaking the law, for which he is sentenced to death. In addition to this very real danger of death, there is also the risk that the play will end too soon. At various times the reader could assume the characters are close to revealing the entire plot and ending the play. These occur when Antipholus has the chance to demand payment from his father at the beginning, and also when both Dromios are on opposite sides of the door at Adriana's house. The characters are meant to gain knowledge of something. For instance, the Duke claims th...

Rome :: essays research papers

Chapter 7 Section Reviews SECTION 1 1. republic-form of government in which voters elect their leaders consul-chief executives who run the government and are also army commanders veto-refusal to approve and act or bill checks and balances-a principle to prevent any one part of government from becoming too powerful praetor-military commander and judge censor-determined how much tax people should pay tribune-could veto Senate bills and act as public officials dictator-had absolute power and served a 6 month term 2. Romulus-Founder of Rome, son of Mars Pontifex Maximus-The high priest, elected for life by a special assembly of 17 tribes 3. Tiber River-Connects Rome to the Mediterranean Rome-In the Center of what is presently Italy Rubicon River-Connects the Tiber to the Adriatic Sea 4. The Etruscans developed a written language from Greek characters. They were able to better their language system. 5. Rome was located in the Center of everything. It was an amazing location. They had access to all the neighboring countries. Although Rome would have been very subject to a navel attack if ships were built like today’s ships. 6. I would rather live under a democracy no matter how much we voted over. I like the feeling that we have say in everything that happens with my country. In the Roman government you didn’t have much say. Some people didn’t even have any say in the government at all. SECTION 2 1. indemnity-money for damages latifundia-leasing land to anyone who could afford it equites-businesspeople of Rome crucifixion-the accused was tied to a cross and left to die a slow agonizing death from suffocation 2. publican-contracted with censors to agree to collect the taxes and pay a fixed amout to the Roman treasury Spartacus-was crucified along with 6,000 of his followers 3. Carthage-on the Mediterranean Southwest of Sicily Sicily-an island South of Rome but North of Africa Zama-Southwest of Carthage, home of a battle 4. a)They were fighting over land and the control of all trade. Rome feared the Carthaginian navy would close the Adriatic Sea and the narrow Strait of Messina. b)Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome 5. a)It was forced to expend to meet the needs of the new territories. Proconsuls were appointed by the Senate and backed by a Roman army to lead the provinces. b)The farmer would served in the Punic War came back to a farm in ruins. Many of the farmers moved to the cities. The role of a citizen-farmer was no longer needed. SECTION 3 1. Marius-a military hero who signed citizens to his legions whether they had land or not and ended up falling to Sulla Sulla-defeated Marius and ruled as military dictator until 79B.

Cultural awareness Essay

Although the emergence of a global economy and the proliferation of multinational corporations seem, at first glance, to indicate an evolution of cultural awareness in contemporary societies, the need for vigilance regarding the increase of cultural awareness both in the corporate sector and without is still an important challenge and priority of the twenty-first century. In terms of international corporations themselves, cultural diversity has emerged as both a highly productive and robustly challenging aspect of modern business. Because cultural diversity offers a wider variety of ideas, talents, skills and knowledge, businesses that are culturally diverse and display constructive communication will have at their disposal a wider range of talents, skills and ideas. Vigilance regarding cultural awareness is an important aspect of modern productiviy. Cultural awareness remains a key factor within the running of extant multinational corporations. The bottom line regarding communication in the culturally diverse twenty-first century is that providing for successful communication is one of the most vital and important aspects of any business or organization. A recent investigation â€Å"of employees from 33 different organizations across 12 industries found that some organizations have cultures of injustice. † (Pinder/Harlos, 2001, p. 346). Obviously, any organization which is afflicted with a culture of injustice will function, at best, only somewhat efficiently; at worst, such an organization will not only fall short of matching its stated goals or pragmatically driven needs, but may actually foster a climate which is counterproductive to its stated goals or purposes. (Bonczek, and Menzel) Beyond the corporate sphere, cultural awareness remains the single most important aspect of conflict resolution between nations and nation-states. Because â€Å"Human nature and human institutions are flexible, and levels of violence vary from one cultural setting to the next, with some cultures expressing extremely low levels of violence† strategies can be learned through cultural awareness for stemming the tide of war, as well as stimulating the global economy. (Fry & Bjorkqvist, 1997, p. xiii) References Bonczek, Stephen, and Donald Menzel. 1994. â€Å"Achieving the Ethical Workplace. † Public Management Mar. 13+. Fry, D. P. & Bjorkqvist, K. (Eds. ). (1997). Cultural Variation in Conflict Resolution: Alternatives to Violence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pinder, Craig C. ; Harlos, Karen P. 2001. â€Å"Employee Silence: Quiescence and Acquiescence as Responses to Perceived Injustice†. Research in Personnel And Human Resources Management, Volume 20,p331-369.